Question 1

Equal remuneration means:

Accepted Answer

Equal remuneration prohibits gender discrimination for same/similar work (concept).

Question 2

Industrial relations primarily deals with the relationship between:

Accepted Answer

IR involves employers, employees/unions and the State (concept).

Question 3

Lay-off generally refers to (concept):

Accepted Answer

Lay-off is temporary non-employment due to inability to provide work (concept).

Question 4

Compliance in labour laws mainly means:

Accepted Answer

Compliance includes adherence to laws, payments, records and reporting (concept).

Question 5

A preventive measure for disputes is:

Accepted Answer

Effective grievance handling reduces disputes (concept).

Question 6

An example of authorized deduction is:

Accepted Answer

Authorized deductions are permitted by law (concept).

Question 7

Retrenchment generally refers to (concept):

Accepted Answer

Retrenchment is termination for reasons other than disciplinary action (concept).

Question 8

Compliance in labour laws means:

Accepted Answer

Compliance includes registers, notices, payments and filings required by law (concept).

Question 9

Which is an ESI benefit? (concept)

Accepted Answer

ESI provides sickness and other benefits (concept).

Question 10

Collective bargaining is a process of:

Accepted Answer

Collective bargaining is negotiation to settle employment terms (concept).

Question 11

Minimum wages are generally fixed for:

Accepted Answer

Minimum wage rates are notified for specified employments (concept).

Question 12

Spread-over refers to (concept):

Accepted Answer

Spread-over limits total span including breaks (concept).

Question 13

Which is NOT a party to industrial relations? (concept)

Accepted Answer

Parties include employer, employees/unions and government (concept).

Question 14

A registered trade union should generally maintain:

Accepted Answer

Transparency and compliance require maintaining accounts/records (concept).

Question 15

Social security improves productivity mainly by:

Accepted Answer

Security and welfare improve morale and stability (concept).

Question 16

Union liability may arise for:

Accepted Answer

Illegal conduct can create liabilities for unions/office bearers (concept).

Question 17

Which of the following can be a cause of poor industrial relations?

Accepted Answer

Poor grievance handling contributes to disputes (concept).

Question 18

International labour standards are mainly associated with:

Accepted Answer

The International Labour Organization (ILO) sets labour standards (concept).

Question 19

Which code primarily relates to minimum wages and wage payment?

Accepted Answer

Code on Wages covers wages and related matters (concept).

Question 20

Gratuity is generally:

Accepted Answer

Gratuity is paid by employer as a recognition of long service (concept).

Question 21

State one safety provision in factories.

Accepted Answer

**Guarding of machines** / fire safety measures / PPE (any one) (concept).

Question 22

ESI provides medical and sickness benefits. (True/False)

Accepted Answer

True. **ESI** provides medical care and cash benefits such as sickness and employment injury benefits (concept).

Question 23

State one objective of sound industrial relations.

Accepted Answer

To maintain **industrial peace** and reduce disputes (concept).

Question 24

State one typical consequence of labour law non-compliance.

Accepted Answer

**Fine/penalty** or prosecution; payment of arrears/interest (any one) (concept).

Question 25

Give one example of authorized wage deduction.

Accepted Answer

**PF contribution** (or income tax) (concept).

Question 26

Define trade union.

Accepted Answer

A **trade union** is an association of workers formed to protect and promote members’ interests and to represent them in dealings/negotiations with employers (concept).

Question 27

Code on Wages mainly relates to wages and minimum wages. (True/False)

Accepted Answer

True. **Code on Wages** provides a framework for wages, minimum wages and wage payment aspects (concept).

Question 28

Name any one function of a trade union.

Accepted Answer

**Representation** of workers in grievances/disputes (or collective bargaining/welfare activities) (concept).

Question 29

Define industrial dispute. (concept)

Accepted Answer

An **industrial dispute** is a dispute between employer and employees/workmen relating to employment, non-employment, terms of employment or conditions of labour (concept).

Question 30

Muster roll is a record of attendance. (True/False)

Accepted Answer

True. **Muster roll/attendance** register records attendance and working days/hours (concept).

Question 31

Write any three preventive measures to reduce industrial disputes (use points/table).

Accepted Answer

Preventive measures (any three) (concept):

- fair wages and transparent HR policies
- strong **grievance redressal** mechanism (concept)
- effective communication and worker participation
- collective bargaining and responsible unionism (concept)
- safe working conditions and welfare facilities (concept)

Any three points are sufficient.

Question 32

Explain the need for labour laws in India (any three points) with a small table.

Accepted Answer

Need for labour laws (concept):

| Reason | Explanation |
|---|---|
| **Unequal bargaining power** | workers need protection against exploitation |
| Minimum standards | ensures wages/hours/leave and basic welfare |
| **Industrial peace** | provides dispute settlement and reduces strikes/lockouts (concept) |

Any three reasons are acceptable (concept).

Question 33

List any three compliance points for wage and bonus management (points/table).

Accepted Answer

Compliance points (any three) (concept):

- pay not less than **minimum wages** notified
- ensure **timely payment** of wages (concept)
- allow only authorized **deductions** with proper records
- ensure **equal remuneration** for same/similar work
- compute and pay **bonus** as applicable and maintain registers/records (concept)

Any three points are sufficient.

Question 34

List any three employer compliance duties for accident reporting and safety management (use points).

Accepted Answer

Employer duties (any three) (concept):

- provide immediate **first-aid** and medical response
- record accidents/dangerous occurrences and report as required (concept)
- investigate causes and implement corrective actions/training (concept)
- maintain safety equipment (guards, PPE, fire safety) and conduct periodic checks (concept)

Any three points are sufficient.

Question 35

List any three health provisions in factories (points).

Accepted Answer

Any three health provisions (concept):

- **cleanliness** and waste disposal
- proper ventilation and temperature control (concept)
- adequate lighting
- safe drinking water and sanitation (concept)
- prevention of overcrowding (concept)

Any three points are sufficient.

Question 36

Write an exam-style note on trade unions: meaning, functions and role in industrial relations (include a table and conclusion).

Accepted Answer

### Meaning
A **trade union** is an association of workers formed to protect members’ interests and represent them in dealings with employers (concept).

### Functions (any 4)
- **collective bargaining**
- grievance/dispute representation (concept)
- welfare activities
- worker education and leadership development (concept)

### Role in industrial relations (table)
| Role | Contribution (concept) |
|---|---|
| **Representation** | provides a single voice for workers |
| Bargaining | negotiates fair wages/conditions (concept) |
| Dispute reduction | helps settlement and promotes industrial peace (concept) |

### Conclusion
Responsible unionism strengthens industrial relations by improving communication and settling issues through negotiation rather than conflict (concept).

Question 37

Describe the dispute settlement machinery (concept) and draw a process flow from grievance to award/settlement (exam-style).

Accepted Answer

### Settlement machinery (concept)
Disputes can be resolved through:
- bipartite negotiation
- **conciliation** (third-party facilitation)
- arbitration (concept)
- **adjudication** (labour court/tribunal award)

### Process flow (concept)
Issue arises → Grievance handling/negotiation → Conciliation → Arbitration/Adjudication (if unresolved) → Settlement/Award → Implementation → Review to prevent recurrence

### Conclusion
A structured mechanism ensures fair resolution and maintains **industrial peace** (concept).

Question 38

Explain the link between trade unions and collective bargaining using a simple flow and brief note (exam-style).

Accepted Answer

### Flow (concept)
Workers’ issues → Union collects demands → Charter of demands → Negotiation with management (**collective bargaining**) → Agreement/settlement → Implementation → **Industrial peace**

### Brief note
Trade unions institutionalise negotiation, reduce individual conflicts, and help convert demands into formal agreements, improving stability in industrial relations (concept).

Question 39

Write an exam-style note on health and safety provisions in factories (include a table and conclusion).

Accepted Answer

### Health provisions (concept)
- **cleanliness**, sanitation and waste disposal
- ventilation, lighting and safe drinking water (concept)

### Safety provisions (concept)
- **machine guarding** and safe equipment
- fire safety, emergency exits and training (concept)

### Summary table
| Area | Examples (concept) |
|---|---|
| **Health** | cleanliness, ventilation, water, sanitation |
| **Safety** | guarding, PPE, fire safety, accident reporting |

### Conclusion
Strong health and safety compliance reduces accidents and improves productivity and worker welfare (concept).

Question 40

Write an exam-style note on social security: meaning, objectives and schemes (EPF, ESI, gratuity) with a table and conclusion.

Accepted Answer

### Meaning
**Social security** protects workers against income loss due to sickness, injury, maternity, old age and death (concept).

### Objectives (any 4)
- provide **income security** (concept)
- provide medical care and rehabilitation (concept)
- protect families through survivor benefits
- promote welfare and productivity (concept)

### Schemes (table)
| Scheme | Main focus (concept) |
|---|---|
| **EPF** | retirement savings through contributions |
| **ESI** | medical + cash benefits for sickness/injury/maternity |
| **Gratuity** | lump-sum benefit for long service (concept) |

### Conclusion
By combining savings, insurance and terminal benefits, social security improves welfare and stability of employment (concept).

Labor Laws — Question Paper

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