
Underemployment occurs when a person works but is not fully employed according to capacity or hours.
Education increases skills and opportunities, enabling upward mobility.
Socialization is learning of culture; social control is enforcement of conformity through norms/sanctions/law.
Class is generally linked with income, occupation, education and property and is relatively open.
Education and skills increase chances of upward mobility through better jobs and opportunities.
Reform movements aim at limited changes such as improving laws or social practices.
Census is the official population count with socio-demographic information.
Monogamy is marriage between one man and one woman (one spouse each).
Socius means companion/society and Logos means study/science.
Stratification is division of society into strata based on unequal access to resources, power and prestige.
Society is broader and may include many communities and groups within it.
Technology changes communication, work, lifestyle and institutions, leading to social change.
Slums typically have overcrowded housing and inadequate basic services.
Religion guides moral behavior and can integrate society through shared rituals and values.
Family planning and awareness help reduce fertility and manage growth.
Family is the first and strongest agent of socialization during childhood.
Rewards like praise, awards and certificates are positive sanctions.
Formal social control includes laws, police, courts and official rules of organizations.
Movements are collective, organized, purposeful efforts with common goals.
Diffusion is borrowing/spread of cultural elements such as food, dress, and technology.
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