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In organizations, people react not only to “reality” but also to how they perceive reality. Managers often need to understand why employees interpret the same situation differently, how they assign causes to behavior (attribution), and how behavior changes over time through learning. These concepts strongly influence performance appraisal, teamwork, leadership and conflict at work.
Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret sensory information to give meaning to their environment.
Importance in workplace:
Perception is not automatic; it follows stages:
Perception depends on three sets of factors:
These biases can create unfair appraisals and workplace conflict.
Attribution is the process of explaining the causes of behavior and events.
At work, managers constantly attribute causes:
Kelley suggests we judge causes using:
Managers should analyze these cues before blaming an employee.
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential due to experience and practice.
Common reinforcement tools in organizations:
OB Mod uses reinforcement systematically to encourage desirable behavior.
Case: A supervisor says, “Ravi is lazy; he missed the report.” Ravi says the software crashed and he worked late to recover data.
OB analysis:
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In organizations, people react not only to “reality” but also to how they perceive reality. Managers often need to understand why employees interpret the same situation differently, how they assign causes to behavior (attribution), and how behavior changes over time through learning. These concepts strongly influence performance appraisal, teamwork, leadership and conflict at work.
Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret sensory information to give meaning to their environment.
Importance in workplace:
Perception is not automatic; it follows stages:
Perception depends on three sets of factors:
These biases can create unfair appraisals and workplace conflict.
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Sensation and perception differ as follows (any three):
Factors affecting perception (any three):
Perception is the way a person understands and gives meaning to what happens around them. In organizations, perception is important because people respond to their perception of reality, not always to the actual reality.
Perceptual process:
Common perceptual errors (with examples):
Thus, managers should be aware of perceptual biases and use objective data and feedback to reduce unfair judgments.