fundamental of management PYQ 2020 PDF

Herzberg stated that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different sets of factors. Hygiene factors (salary, working conditions, company policy, supervision, job security) prevent dissatisfaction but do not strongly motivate when present. Motivators (achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, growth) create satisfaction and motivate employees. Therefore, management should remove dissatisfaction through hygiene factors and build motivation through motivators.

In SWOT matrix, SO strategies use strengths to exploit opportunities. ST strategies use strengths to reduce or face external threats. WO strategies overcome weaknesses by using opportunities (improvement and growth). WT strategies minimise weaknesses and avoid threats; these are defensive strategies to protect survival and reduce risk.

Directing is the managerial function of guiding, leading and motivating employees so that they perform their tasks effectively and organisational objectives are achieved. After planning and organising, directing is necessary because people need guidance, instructions, encouragement and coordination to translate plans into results.

Elements of directing:

1. Leadership: Leadership is influencing employees to work willingly towards goals. A leader provides direction, builds team spirit and resolves conflicts. Leadership may be autocratic, democratic or laissez-faire depending on situation and employee maturity.
2. Motivation: Motivation stimulates employees to put in efforts with enthusiasm. It increases productivity, reduces absenteeism and improves morale. Managers use monetary and non-monetary incentives and apply motivational ideas such as Maslow’s hierarchy and Herzberg’s factors.
3. Communication: Communication is the process of transmitting information and creating understanding. It is essential for issuing instructions, coordinating activities and receiving feedback. Good communication improves relations and reduces misunderstandings.
4. Supervision: Supervision is direct guidance and monitoring of subordinates at the operating level. It ensures discipline, quality and timely completion of work and provides immediate help in day-to-day problems.

Thus, directing integrates people’s efforts through leadership, motivation, communication and supervision to achieve organisational objectives.