Many organisations maintain two sets of results:
Because the objectives and treatments can differ, profit in cost accounts may not match profit in financial accounts.
Reconciliation is the process of explaining and adjusting these differences so that both profits can be related logically.
Profits differ mainly due to:
A good reconciliation answer lists these with examples.
These affect financial profit but not cost profit:
Remember: these are generally not included in cost accounts because cost accounts focus on production and operating costs.
These appear in cost accounts but not in financial accounts:
Notional costs are used for better decision-making but do not involve actual cash outflow.
Even for the same item, cost and financial books may treat it differently:
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Items usually appearing only in financial accounts (any three):
These items do not normally form part of production cost and hence are not included in cost accounts.
Items generally appearing only in cost accounts are notional/imputed charges used for decision-making. Any three are:
These do not involve cash outflow and therefore do not appear in financial accounts.
Cost accounting is a form of managerial accounting that aims to capture a company's total cost of production by assessing the variable costs of each step of production as well as fixed costs, such as a lease expense.
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Many organisations maintain two sets of results:
Because the objectives and treatments can differ, profit in cost accounts may not match profit in financial accounts.
Reconciliation is the process of explaining and adjusting these differences so that both profits can be related logically.
Profits differ mainly due to:
A good reconciliation answer lists these with examples.
These affect financial profit but not cost profit:
Remember: these are generally not included in cost accounts because cost accounts focus on production and operating costs.
These appear in cost accounts but not in financial accounts:
Notional costs are used for better decision-making but do not involve actual cash outflow.
Even for the same item, cost and financial books may treat it differently:
In cost accounts, overhead is absorbed using a predetermined rate. Therefore:
Over-absorption: absorbed overhead > actual overhead → cost is higher in cost accounts → profit in cost accounts tends to be lower (all else equal).
Under-absorption: absorbed overhead < actual overhead → cost is lower in cost accounts → profit in cost accounts tends to be higher (all else equal).
Exam tip: always state the direction clearly (many students confuse it).
You can reconcile either way:
Common exam-friendly format (start with cost profit):
Rule of thumb (very useful):
Always label each item clearly.
Profit as per cost accounts = ₹1,20,000 Additional information:
Profit as per cost accounts = 1,20,000 Add:
Less:
Explanation for over-absorption effect: Over-absorption means cost accounts charged extra OH, so cost profit is lower. To arrive at financial profit (which does not have this extra charge), we add over-absorbed OH. So add over-absorbed OH = +6,000
Now compute: Financial profit = 1,20,000 + 5,000 + 4,000 + 6,000 − 8,000 = ₹1,27,000
Write statement neatly in exams and justify the sign for each adjustment.
Cost control reporting means regular reports that compare actual performance with standards/budgets and highlight exceptions for management action.
Purpose:
Examples of control reports:
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Given: Profit as per cost accounts = ₹1,20,000 Interest received (financial income) = ₹5,000 Notional rent charged in cost accounts = ₹8,000 Over-absorbed overhead in cost accounts = ₹6,000 Closing stock undervalued in cost accounts by ₹4,000 (financial closing stock is higher)
Reconciliation (Cost profit → Financial profit):
Profit as per cost accounts .................................. ₹1,20,000 Add: Items increasing financial profit / decreasing cost profit
Less: Items decreasing financial profit / increasing cost profit
Profit as per financial accounts ............................... ₹1,27,000
Working check: 1,20,000 + 5,000 + 4,000 + 6,000 − 8,000 = 1,27,000
Exam note: Always write a one-line reason for each adjustment (financial-only income, cost-only notional charge, over/under absorption, stock valuation difference).
